This is long; get a coffee.
I am Australian and I am a racist. Well, at least I was. I’ve been slapped in the face by the
unforgiving palm of reality, and the shame-filled ripple effect it has caused
is growing in intensity, rather than petering back out to the calm waters that
once were my life.
The shittiest part is: I was the worst kind of racist—the kind who says things like ‘I’m not a
racist but…’ and ‘look, I’ll try to make this not sound racist because I’m not being racist, but…’ or ‘I’m not racist;
I treat everyone equally’. Sound like anyone you know? Sound like you? Don’t be ashamed yet, because right now you
are just a person silently reading something on a screen. The time for shame will be if you get to the
bottom of this and do not even have the slightest desire to explore this
further.
Let me start at the start, with what we are taught as
children in our schools.
*DISCLAIMER--- What some children are taught today will be
different to this, if they are lucky enough to be in a school committed to a
black-white partnership. I’m talking
about people who have already acquired a ‘knowledge’ of our nation’s history*
When I went to school, the basic story was that Captain Cook
discovered Australia, and colonised it.
He rocked up with a bunch of ships, came ashore and claimed the land. Let’s break this down for a second, with a
series of questions and answers…
1.
Child: ‘Why would a man, with a fleet and a
nation behind him feel that it was ok to just take a piece of land that already belonged to someone else?’
Misinformed parent: ‘Because the
inhabitants were primitive, savage and uneducated of course. The British were civilised! They knew better and the natives would be
better off for it.’
Wrong.
That is invasion, pure and simple.
The British declared that the continent was ‘terra nullius’, meaning
‘land belonging to no-one’. We go ahead
and abhor invasion when it is somewhere else in history, but it happened here, in Australia. It doesn’t matter that the British were in a
different state of development than the Aboriginal people of Australia; that
land ALREADY BELONGED TO PEOPLE, people who were very happy with their own
culture and not in need of imported diseases, oppression, ‘guidance’ or the
invaders’ idea of ‘order’. Britain
claimed that no individual or group held any ‘sovereign’ title to the land, so
basically it was up for grabs, and they grabbed it.
2.
Child: ‘Well, surely Captain Cook and his men at
least asked permission to settle, or negotiated some sort of compromise?’
Misinformed parent : ‘Well, no… why should
they? They were the superior race! The Aboriginal people hadn’t even invented
the wheel! Or the bow and arrow! It’s the natural progression of evolution!’
No, it isn’t. And they weren’t superior, just
different. The problem is that they
certainly thought they were superior, and they had the strength to simply take
what they wanted anyhow. So they
did. Did you know that Aboriginal people
used to be officially classed as flora and fauna and that the word Aboriginal
was not capitalised until the 1967 election?
3.
Child: ‘Why couldn’t they just share?’
Misinformed parent : ‘And let all the
natives have the best land for building cities and ports? Nothing would ever have been achieved!’
Not only did they not ‘share’ in any way
whatsoever, the Aboriginal people were forced off their lands the more the
settlement and invaders wanted to spread.
Many thousands of people died in battle for their land. Many were simply killed as one might poison
rats in a larder. I’m serious. Poisoning Waterholes was the easiest way,
look it up. They were also hunted. Like animals.
4.
Child: ‘So… the Aboriginals were just kinda
forced into the desert, where nobody else wanted to live?’
Misinformed parent : ‘Nooooo, they like it
there. They are a nomadic people, they
prefer to be ‘on the land’. It was
better for them to be there, away from the settlements.’
Wrong.
Aboriginal people were forced into camps and reserves in the hope that
they would die out in time anyway. In
1916, Governor Macquarie decreed that no Aboriginal person was allowed to
appear armed with any weapon within a mile of any settlement and no more than
six Aboriginal people are allowed to ‘lurk or loiter near farms’. As a result,
some Aboriginal people became fringe dwellers on the outskirts of cities and
towns, while others managed a meagre living in the casual labour force of rural
and outback Australia, being paid far
less than their white-skinned counterparts. They were no longer allowed to live
as they had done for tens of thousands of years, but neither were they able to
become equal partners and citizens in the wider society that had taken their
land.
5.
Child: ‘But… weren’t our explorers brave men,
taking on the unknown, the new frontiers?’
Misinformed parent : ‘Oh yes! They triumphed through many hardships and
perilous terrain!’
Mhm.
With who to guide them, do you think?
Forced to guide them, more accurately—without Aboriginal guides many of
the celebrated explorers would quite simply have perished or been killed by
hostile Aboriginal people. I’m not
making this up; it’s written, in books and everything.
6.
Child: ‘So… nobody even tried to make a treaty
with Aboriginal people or anything?’
Misinformed parent : ‘Oh, I’m sure they
would have…’
No, they didn’t. One guy actually, by the name of John Batman
(seriously) did try, for land at Port Phillip bay. Governor Bourke did not recognise the treaty,
and the purchase was voided.
So, that was how the British invaders rolled at the
time. There are numerous horrifying
documented cases of brutal massacres, utterly distressing cases of sexual abuse
against women too young for Motherhood, not to mention the sickness introduced
by the White man for which the Aboriginal people had no immunity, vaccination
or cure. Even the common cold proved to
be fatal. Aboriginal people were treated
as a pest. It is a common misconception
that the settlement of Australia was a relatively peaceable affair. This picture was painted for me by my
Australian education. What they omit is
the details of the immense drop in Aboriginal population in the first 150 years
of British occupation. It’s estimated
that the Aboriginal population of Australia prior to the invasion in 1788 was
over one million. By the 1920s, census
figures indicate that only about 58,000 ‘full-blood’ Aboriginal people survived
in Australia. Those figures were done by
a guy called Butlin. Here is a little
more info:
Butlin’s figures therefore suggest a 96% decline in the
Aboriginal population. Not everyone agrees with Butlin’s calculations, and it
must be emphasised that this paper does not rest upon the acceptance of
Butlin’s figures. The lower (Radcliffe-Brown) population estimate still demands
that we deal with a decline from 300,000 to 58,000, indicating that European
settlement of Australia removed well over 80% of the original inhabitants. While
there are arguments about whether or not this reduction constitutes ‘genocide’,
such an impact on the Indigenous inhabitants resembles the fate of many
oppressed ethnic groups elsewhere in the world whose mistreatment or
annihilation we deplore.
Many, many people believed that the decline in the number of
Aboriginal people was inevitable, because they were ‘stone age’ and even our
Prime Minister John Gorton publically claimed that they didn’t even make tools
and that they ‘would not know what another tribe was doing’. ‘Sounds like pretty primitive thinking’ I
thought to myself as I read this, ‘He must have been a really early PM.’ Yeah.
Early. 1968-71.
Moving on. Let’s skip
to the 1800s, when (in addition to settlers being given permission to shoot
unarmed Aboriginal people on their property) a bunch of rules started popping
up with regards to Aboriginal people.
Here are a few, along with some interesting facts:
·
In 1816: passports or certificates are issued to
Aboriginal people who ‘conduct themselves in a suitable manner’ to show they
are ‘officially accepted’ by Europeans,
·
In 1837: In London, a Parliamentary Select
Committee affirms the ‘plain and sacred right’ of Indigenous peoples to land. The committee reports genocide is happening
in the colonies.
·
In 1838: A massacre happened at Vinegar Hill
(60-70 Aboriginal deaths) and in Myall Creek, where 28 Aboriginal old men,
women and children were butchered. When
their killers were brought to trial, and some of them subsequently sentenced to
death by hanging, there was a public outcry from the settlements, at the fact
that people would hang for the murdering of Aboriginal people. There were also reports of poisoned flour.
·
In 1868: The first overseas cricket tour leaves
Australia for England; the team is all Aboriginal, also 150 Aboriginal people
are killed resisting arrest in the Kimberleys.
·
In 1869: Act for “Protection and Management of
Aboriginal Natives” is passed in Victoria.
·
In 1883: NSW Aborigines Protection Board (APB)
takes over reserves for Aboriginal people and sets up reserve schools – usually
taught by untrained managers’ wives with an inferior curriculum. Aboriginal
children could attend the local public schools providing they were “habitually
clean, decently clad and that they conduct themselves with propriety, both in
and out of school”.
·
In 1886: The Victorian Aborigines Protection Act
excludes “half castes” from their definition of an Aboriginal person. As a
result nearly half the residents of the stations have to leave their homes.
·
In 1901: Australia becomes a federation and
Aboriginal people are excluded from the census and the lawmaking powers of the
Commonwealth Parliament. The
Commonwealth Constitution states ‘in reckoning the numbers of people...Aboriginal
natives shall not be counted’. It also
states that the Commonwealth would legislate for any race except
Aborigines. Also, the White Australia
Policy bars ‘coloured’ immigrants and denies Aboriginal existence. Aboriginal
people are excluded from the vote, pensions, employment in post offices,
enlistment in Armed Forces, maternity allowance. It wasn’t until we were very thin on the
ground for manpower that the armed forces allowed Indigenous people to enlist,
and often they weren’t even paid.
·
In 1908: The Invalid and Old Age Pension Act provides
social security for all Australians except Aboriginal people.
You
getting a bit pissed off yet?
·
In 1909: The Aborigines Protection Act 1909
(NSW) gives APB the power to remove Aboriginal children from their
families. Oh, no big deal, just remove them from their fucking families.
·
In 1925: Australian Aboriginal Progress
Association (AAPA) established. The AAPA, officially launched in February 1925,
was the ‘first Aboriginal political organisation to create formal links between
communities over a wide area’. It was important because of the role it played
in planting political seeds that flowered in future generations of indigenous
political leaders in south-eastern Australia. The AAPA campaigned for “freehold
title to land, the cessation of the removal of Aboriginal children and the abolition
of the NSW Aborigines Protection Board(APB).
·
In 1928: Another massacre, known as the
‘Conniston massacre’: whites admit to shooting 31 Aboriginal people after a
white dingo trapper is killed. Aboriginal records show scores more died. A
court of inquiry says the Europeans’ action was ‘justified’. Aboriginal people
are refused legal aid by the Federal Government.
·
In 1937: First Native Welfare Conference –
policy of Assimilation is adopted to make Aboriginal people the same as White
Australians. Whaaaaat?
·
In 1948: The Commonwealth Citizenship and
Nationality Act for the first time gives a category of “Australian Citizenship”
to all Australians, including all Aboriginal people. However, at state level Aboriginal people
still suffer legal discrimination.
·
In 1949: Australian Citizenship Act 1949 (Cth),
gives Aboriginal people the vote in Commonwealth elections if they are enrolled
for State elections or have served in the Armed Forces.
·
In 1953-57: Atomic tests, code named Operation
Totem, are conducted at Emu, South Australia. A black cloud passes leaving many
Aboriginal people suffering radiation sickness.
·
In 1962: All Aboriginal people are given the
vote in Commonwealth elections. Let’s
break that down a bit. Also in 1962,
otherwise known as MCMLXII, The Beatles audition for Decca records, Ranger 3
is launched to study the Moon (it later misses the Moon by 22,000 miles), Leonard
Bernstein causes controversy with his remarks before a concert featuring Glenn
Gould with the New York Philharmonic, when he (Bernstein) announces that
although he disagrees with Gould's style of playing the Brahms First Piano
Concerto, he finds Gould's ideas fascinating and will conduct the piece anyway
(this is really groundbreaking stuff here), The 34th Academy Awards ceremony is
held; West Side Story wins Best Picture,
In Los Angeles, California, the first MLB game is played at Dodger
Stadium, The Ranger 4 spacecraft crashes into the Moon, The first Walmart
store, then known as Wal-Mart (which is still the corporate name), opens for
business in Rogers, Arkansas, American artist Andy Warhol premieres his
Campbell's Soup Cans exhibit in Los Angeles, Marvel Comics publishes Amazing
Fantasy#15, which features the first published appearance of Spider-Man, created
by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, Beatles drummer Pete Best is fired and replaced by
Ringo Starr (because he was too good-looking and charismatic, I have this on
personal authority from a friend of mine who knew the Beatles), The first black
student, James Meredith, registers at the University of Mississippi, escorted
by Federal Marshals, earliest recorded use of the term ‘personal computer’ in
the report of a speech by computing pioneer John Mauchly in The New York Times,
Leonardo da Vinci's early 16th-century painting the Mona Lisa is assessed for
insurance purposes at US$100 million before touring the United States for
several months, the highest insurance value for a painting in history. However,
The Louvre, its owner, chooses to spend the money that would have been spent on
the insurance premium on security instead and Jim Carrey was born. CAN YOU PICK THE TWO BASIC CIVIL RIGHTS THAT
DO NOT BELONG IN A LIST OF THINGS FROM NINETEEN SIXTY FUCKING TWO?!?!? And P.S. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Peoples
are still discriminated against, in our constitution, see here.
·
In 1966: Arbitration Commission rules equal pay
for Aboriginal workers in the pastoral industry but defers it for three years. Equal pay?!?!? *slaps face in horror*
·
In 1967: 91% of Australian voters vote YES in a
Referendum to count Aboriginal people in the census and give the Commonwealth
the power to make laws for Aboriginal people.
·
In 1971: Neville Bonner becomes the first
Aboriginal member of Parliament when he filled a casual Senate vacancy. In 1972
he is elected on the Liberal Party ticket in Queensland.
·
In 1972: the Whitlam Labor Government is elected
– abolishes White Australia Policy, sets up Department of Aboriginal Affairs;
new Aboriginal policy of self determination, and the Whitlam Government freezes
all applications for mining and exploration on Commonwealth Aboriginal
reserves.
·
In 1975: Prime Minister Gough Whitlam hands back
title to Gurindji people, the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) is passed in
the Commonwealth Parliament, but also The Laverton Royal Commission in Western
Australia investigating clashes between police and Aboriginal people at
Laverton and Skull Creek in December, 1974 and January, 1975, found that police
were unable to justify arrests and that some parts of the police story had been
invented.
·
In 1977: Aboriginal woman Isobel Coe received
$100 in damages in the Moree District Court, NSW against Malcolm Barber who
refused her entrance to his bar.
One. Hundred. Dollars.
In other news, I was born.
·
In 1980: Link-Up NSW established to re-unite
families of the Stolen Generations (remember, when white people saw fit to
simply steal Aboriginal people’s children). NSW Parliament Select Committee
inquiry into land rights for Aboriginal people.
·
In 1987: Prime Minister Bob Hawke sets up a
Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody in response to the high rate
of Aboriginal incarceration and death in prisons and police lockups. It is interesting to note that both Gough
Whitlam and Bob Hawke were Labour…
·
In 1989: The NSW Taskforce on Aboriginal
Heritage and Culture recommends that responsibility for Aboriginal Heritage be
removed form the National Parks and Wildlife Service and that a separate
Aboriginal Heritage Commission be established.
National Parks and Wildlife? What the ACTUAL fuck?!?!?
·
In 1992: The High Court of Australia rules in
the Mabo case that native title exists over particular kinds of land –
unalienated Crown land, national parks and reserves – and that Australia was
never ‘terra nullius’. Also, Prime
Minister Keating (Labour) launches Australian celebration of International Year
of the World’s Indigenous Peoples (1993), with a speech accepting
responsibility for past mistreatment of Aboriginal people by non-Aboriginal
Australians and calling for reconciliation. The speech becomes known as the ‘Redfern
Park speech’
(transcript here).
·
In 1996: Election of Howard Coalition Government
in Canberra – seen as opposed to Aboriginal rights. Howard = Liberal. Also, in his first budget as PM, Howard cuts
$470 million in funding to The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission.
·
In 1997: The report tabled in Federal Parliament
that shook Australia. Bringing Them Home detailed painful evidence of the
removal of thousands of Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander children from
their families, also, National Sorry Day - a day for organisations to apologies
for the removal of Aboriginal children from their families. A chance for all
Australians to recognise the pain thousands of Aboriginal people went through.
The first ‘Sorry Day’ is marked by hundreds of activities around the country.
The Australian Federal Government does not take part in ‘Sorry Day’, saying
people who removed Aboriginal children thought they were doing the right thing
and people now should not have to say sorry for what people did in the past, 12
October: Thousands of Australian people plant hands in front of Parliament
House, Canberra in support of native title and reconciliation between black and
white Australia and South Australian Premier John Olsen apologises to
Aboriginal people for past wrongs, particularly the Stolen Generation: “I
apologise on behalf of South Australians for the effects that the then
Government policy had on the families and children of Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander people [...] This sad episode has caused a scar on the face of
this nation. [...] By apologising, I hope that we can now move forward.”
·
In 1998: Pauline Hanson and One Nation Party
campaign against Aboriginal ‘special treatment’. Commonwealth Parliament
statement of commitment to Reconciliation.
·
In 1999: On June 2, the Draft Document for
Reconciliation was released for nationwide discussion by the Australian people,
and Howard officially refuses a national apology for members of the Stolen
Generations.
·
In 2000: May 27-28 Corroboree 2000 is held at
Sydney Opera House to mark 10 years of work on Reconciliation. Here, the
Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation presents to the nation Corroboree 2000 -
Towards Reconciliation which includes the documents Australian Declaration
towards Reconciliation and Roadmap for Reconciliation; over 300,000 people join
People’s Walk for Reconciliation across Sydney Harbour Bridge. Howard refuses
to take part, Sydney 2000 Olympics. The Sydney 2000 Olympics showcased
Indigenous culture to the world. The opening and closing ceremonies celebrated Indigenous cultural identity and
history and provided some deft political comment on contemporary Indigenous issues,
and Indigenous athlete, Cathy Freeman lights the Olympic torch and wins the gold
medal in the women’s 400m.
·
In 2001: Indigenous people and cultural events
featured heavily in the Centenary of Federation program. The Yeperenye Festival
outside Alice Springs was the largest corroboree ever staged in this country – over 25 000 people and 40
Indigenous nations. The program celebrated the first Aboriginal federation of
over 1000 generations.
·
In 2004: At least 40 police officers are
reported injured following a night of violence directed at the police in
Redfern, Sydney. The riot follows the death of a 17 year old Aboriginal boy, TJ
Hickey. I was snowboarding in
Canada. I never even heard about it.
·
In 2004: October 2004 – Howard formally dumps
the word ‘reconciliation’ from the government agenda, axing the ‘Minister
Assisting the Prime Minister on Reconciliation’, also on the 26 November 300
members of the Aboriginal community at Palm Island protest over the death in
custody of local man Cameron Doomadgee on 19 November. 9 are arrested and later
charged. The Federal government admits progress in reducing Aboriginal deaths
in custody had been slow.
·
In 2006: 27 September: Queensland acting State
Coroner Christine Clements finds that Senior Sergeant Hurley was responsible
for the death of Cameron Doomadgee in 2004 whilst he was in custody, then on 14
December the state’s Director of Public Prosecutions, Leanne Clare announce
there was not enough evidence to convict Senior Sergeant Chris Hurley of any
offence. There is nationwide protest and dissatisfaction at the decision.
·
In 2007: June 20: Jury acquits Senior Sergeant
Hurley on manslaughter and assault charges.
So. There you have
it. And that’s only a drop in the
bucket, and only until 2007. Waddaya
reckon has happened in the last 7 years?
Why don’t you go have a look?
I can’t make this post much longer, because I imagine that
the people who have hung on thus far are fading fast. The point I am making in this particular post
is that I used to be racist. I was
racist because I was uneducated. I am
completely and utterly ashamed to admit that I was one of those people that
thought any, some or all of the following things, which I know that people I love dearly still think:
1.
‘Yeah yeah yeah, sorry? I’m not saying sorry. What have I got to be sorry for? I have never been racist to an Aboriginal
person. I treat them the same as
anybody.’
2.
‘What does it matter now? What’s done is done. History can’t be undone. Why can’t they just get over it and move on?’
3.
‘Ugh. How
is it fair that Aboriginal people get more stuff given to them? That’s reverse racism.’
4.
‘Why can’t they just see themselves as the same
as us? I do.’
5.
‘Why are they all so lazy? I’ve never seen one actually working a job.’
6.
‘They bring this on themselves.’
7.
‘Well maybe if they didn’t get smashed all the
time…’
It’s gross. And
sad. Here are the answers that I have
now, to those questions:
1.
‘It’s not so much about the actual utterance of
that word. It’s about the
acknowledgement of the atrocities that were committed and then covered up. It’s about admitting that the stuff we were
spoonfed as kids in a classroom was not our nation’s true history, but a
history of the white-skinned people who took it from its rightful owners. It’s about realising that regardless of what
I personally think, or what my family lineage is, my white skin carries with it
a history, a story, and that until I accept, admit and embrace the truth and am
committed to moving forward together,
then I am not respecting the journey and struggle of Aboriginal people over the
last 226 years.
2.
That’s right, mistakes cannot be undone. But we can take responsibility for them. This isn’t fixed. You’re blind if you think so. Racism is still very much alive NOW. This stuff happened to them, and still does. If you were persecuted, mistreated,
disregarded, viewed as less-than-human and had your children stolen from you or
your ancestors did, would you appreciate being told to ‘just get over it, it
happened but we’ve moved on, why can’t you’?
3.
My favourite saying for the last few years is
‘equity for all does not necessarily mean equality for all.’ Do you have a grandparent? Are they on a pension? I’m not.
I am expected to work for the money I earn. That’s not fair. The government just gives all these oldies
money, gives it to them for free. Why?
They can still do stuff! Make
them work! We need equality! Know anyone with a loved one who is disabled,
incapacitated, or ill in any way and receiving a benefit? Not fairrrrrrrr, if they get free money, I
want mine! This is the difference
between the two. This money situation is
not equality. The amounts we are given
are not equal, but it is equity. I am able-bodied and thankfully able to enjoy
an active lifestyle, so I don’t need
money from the government right now.
Aboriginal people have been stepped on for a very long time. They are at a distinct disadvantage in many ways.
Treating all Australians with equity means that not everything we all
receive will be the same, because some need more help than others.
4.
Because why?
Why should Aboriginal people view themselves as the same as
non-Aboriginal people? You could read up
on Aboriginal culture for a week solid and still not scrape the surface of
their connection to their land, ancestors, animals and nature. Why can’t we make some advancement towards
their end? Why can’t we non-Aboriginal
people work harder to work together and respect everybody’s culture?
5.
Open your eyes, idiot. Wider.
Wider. Wider still. That’s better. Generalising an entire race into a horrible
stereotype is racism, pure and simple.
When I went once to a rally for marriage equality, there was a group of
religious assholes there with megaphones spouting hate. The main guy said two things that stuck in my
mind: ‘we know you were all molested as children, that’s why you are gay’ and
‘we know you all have prolapsed anuses from anal sex’. Uhhhhhhhh pardon? I think I know my own life. I have never been molested and my anus is
FINE. I was dumbfounded that he just
lumped all homosexual people into that category. To be truly not racist or bigoted in any way
means to stop applying these harmful stereotypes. ALL THE TIME, ALWAYS. It HURTS.
Gay people are not perverted, and they will not influence your children
to be gay. Greeks and Italians don’t
like to be called ‘Wog’ by you, and no, they won’t make you dinner cos you feel
like pasta. All Asian people (including
those from India, I mean Asia as a continent) are not bad drivers. And all Aboriginal people are not lazy and
perpetually drunk. This is all racism
and/or discrimination. Think about
it. You don’t see a white person drunk
somewhere and think ‘bloody white people’.
Why would you categorise any cultural group on the actions of some?
6.
No they don’t.
They are fighting for equity, respect and a true black-white
partnership. And they deserve to. They don’t have to sit down and be quiet.
7.
See answer 5.
So that’s it for today.
Not my most light-hearted post, but if we all took a stand against racism,
maybe one day we could truly wipe it out.
Just think about this stuff, please.
It will make you a better person.
Sometimes, admitting you were an asshole is a very good way to really
start to become good.
This post will be followed by part 2, which will explore the
ins and outs of white privilege.
Thanks for reading.
Tx
P.S. I will not be celebrating Australia day this year. How can anyone celebrate the day people landed on this continent and began persecuting its rightful owners? My personal hope is that one day, through a black-white partnership we can come up with a day/date on which we can celebrate reconciliation and working together, a date that means something good for all Australians, not just the dominant race/culture. Pretty much no matter where you live, there will be something cool going on that uses the day to remember sacrifice and resilience, not invasion and conquering. Google is your friend here. If you live in my town, head to Semaphore, for Survival Day. It will be full of people committed to a better goal than breaking the Guinnes world record for the longest chain of floating giant Havis (and I'm not kidding, that is actually happening). I can already hear people saying 'fuck that, I'm an Aussie, same as everyone else and I'm celebrating Australia day.' I'm an Aussie too, but I can't celebrate a history that held down the original inhabitants of our land for so long. I'm just not that selfish and ignorant anymore.
